Governance & Institutional Development

The participation of citizens and civil society is an essential factor in the development process because it contributes to the support of democratic governance and facilitates interaction between the state and society through the participation of citizens in contributing to decision-making and accountability of decision-makers. “Participation” is defined as “the involvement and engagement of each actor in processes: needs identification, preparation of plans and programs, budgeting, daily operational decision making, financial aspects and implementation.

It is defined as “citizens’ knowledge of government decisions”. Hence, it can be viewed as an open and transparent relationship between the government and citizens, ensuring easy access to information and a degree of openness in the relationship between the government, the private sector or civil society on the one hand and citizens on the other.

The concept of respect for the law goes beyond “the compliance of all parties whether individuals, governmental institutions or civil society to the legal system, laws and regulations, etc.” In other words, it is the degree of congruence between the behaviors and policies of actors (government, private sector and civil society) on the one hand and legal norms on the other.

Corruption is defined as “the abuse of public authority in order to generate private gain or benefits. This term is also extended to include bribery, extortion, favoritism, abuse of power and other acts. The literature suggests that there is an inverse relationship between corruption and democracy. Reducing corruption requires a politically and legally conducive environment and appropriate institutional capacities, as well as enhanced participation of the media and civil society organizations in combating it. Hence, Anti-Corruption means the existence of an integrated and effective system to counter corruption among each actor and the degree of application of this system.

It is the response of the government, civil society and the private sector to the needs of citizens in addition to the political, economic and institutional changes.

The extent to which the government, civil society and the private sector provide services on an equal basis, and according to the needs and the principle of equal opportunity.

The concept of efficiency focuses on the delivery of services, or the implementation of public policies in less time and at an appropriate cost, in accordance with efficiency / merit standards.

Effectiveness is measured by the quality of services and policies, and the satisfaction of citizens.